1 This is gzip.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.8 from gzip.texi.
3 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.12, 5 February 2007), and
4 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
6 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007 Free Software
9 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
11 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
12 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
13 Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
14 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
15 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
16 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
18 INFO-DIR-SECTION Utilities
20 * Gzip: (gzip). The gzip command for compressing files.
23 INFO-DIR-SECTION Individual utilities
25 * gzip: (gzip)Invoking gzip. Compress files.
29 File: gzip.info, Node: Top, Next: Overview, Up: (dir)
34 This manual is for Gzip (version 1.3.12, 5 February 2007), and
35 documents commands for compressing and decompressing data.
37 Copyright (C) 1998, 1999, 2001, 2002, 2006, 2007 Free Software
40 Copyright (C) 1992, 1993 Jean-loup Gailly
42 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
43 document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
44 Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
45 Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with no Front-Cover Texts,
46 and with no Back-Cover Texts. A copy of the license is included
47 in the section entitled "GNU Free Documentation License".
51 * Overview:: Preliminary information.
52 * Sample:: Sample output from `gzip'.
53 * Invoking gzip:: How to run `gzip'.
54 * Advanced usage:: Concatenated files.
55 * Environment:: The `GZIP' environment variable
56 * Tapes:: Using `gzip' on tapes.
57 * Problems:: Reporting bugs.
58 * Copying This Manual:: How to make copies of this manual.
59 * Concept Index:: Index of concepts.
62 File: gzip.info, Node: Overview, Next: Sample, Prev: Top, Up: Top
67 `gzip' reduces the size of the named files using Lempel-Ziv coding
68 (LZ77). Whenever possible, each file is replaced by one with the
69 extension `.gz', while keeping the same ownership modes, access and
70 modification times. (The default extension is `-gz' for VMS, `z' for
71 MSDOS, OS/2 FAT and Atari.) If no files are specified or if a file
72 name is "-", the standard input is compressed to the standard output.
73 `gzip' will only attempt to compress regular files. In particular, it
74 will ignore symbolic links.
76 If the new file name is too long for its file system, `gzip'
77 truncates it. `gzip' attempts to truncate only the parts of the file
78 name longer than 3 characters. (A part is delimited by dots.) If the
79 name consists of small parts only, the longest parts are truncated.
80 For example, if file names are limited to 14 characters, gzip.msdos.exe
81 is compressed to gzi.msd.exe.gz. Names are not truncated on systems
82 which do not have a limit on file name length.
84 By default, `gzip' keeps the original file name and time stamp in
85 the compressed file. These are used when decompressing the file with
86 the `-N' option. This is useful when the compressed file name was
87 truncated or when the time stamp was not preserved after a file
88 transfer. However, due to limitations in the current `gzip' file
89 format, fractional seconds are discarded. Also, time stamps must fall
90 within the range 1970-01-01 00:00:00 through 2106-02-07 06:28:15 UTC,
91 and hosts whose operating systems use 32-bit time stamps are further
92 restricted to time stamps no later than 2038-01-19 03:14:07 UTC. The
93 upper bounds assume the typical case where leap seconds are ignored.
95 Compressed files can be restored to their original form using `gzip
96 -d' or `gunzip' or `zcat'. If the original name saved in the
97 compressed file is not suitable for its file system, a new name is
98 constructed from the original one to make it legal.
100 `gunzip' takes a list of files on its command line and replaces each
101 file whose name ends with `.gz', `.z', `.Z', `-gz', `-z' or `_z' and
102 which begins with the correct magic number with an uncompressed file
103 without the original extension. `gunzip' also recognizes the special
104 extensions `.tgz' and `.taz' as shorthands for `.tar.gz' and `.tar.Z'
105 respectively. When compressing, `gzip' uses the `.tgz' extension if
106 necessary instead of truncating a file with a `.tar' extension.
108 `gunzip' can currently decompress files created by `gzip', `zip',
109 `compress' or `pack'. The detection of the input format is automatic.
110 When using the first two formats, `gunzip' checks a 32 bit CRC (cyclic
111 redundancy check). For `pack', `gunzip' checks the uncompressed
112 length. The `compress' format was not designed to allow consistency
113 checks. However `gunzip' is sometimes able to detect a bad `.Z' file.
114 If you get an error when uncompressing a `.Z' file, do not assume that
115 the `.Z' file is correct simply because the standard `uncompress' does
116 not complain. This generally means that the standard `uncompress' does
117 not check its input, and happily generates garbage output. The SCO
118 `compress -H' format (LZH compression method) does not include a CRC but
119 also allows some consistency checks.
121 Files created by `zip' can be uncompressed by `gzip' only if they
122 have a single member compressed with the 'deflation' method. This
123 feature is only intended to help conversion of `tar.zip' files to the
124 `tar.gz' format. To extract a `zip' file with a single member, use a
125 command like `gunzip <foo.zip' or `gunzip -S .zip foo.zip'. To extract
126 `zip' files with several members, use `unzip' instead of `gunzip'.
128 `zcat' is identical to `gunzip -c'. `zcat' uncompresses either a
129 list of files on the command line or its standard input and writes the
130 uncompressed data on standard output. `zcat' will uncompress files
131 that have the correct magic number whether they have a `.gz' suffix or
134 `gzip' uses the Lempel-Ziv algorithm used in `zip' and PKZIP. The
135 amount of compression obtained depends on the size of the input and the
136 distribution of common substrings. Typically, text such as source code
137 or English is reduced by 60-70%. Compression is generally much better
138 than that achieved by LZW (as used in `compress'), Huffman coding (as
139 used in `pack'), or adaptive Huffman coding (`compact').
141 Compression is always performed, even if the compressed file is
142 slightly larger than the original. The worst case expansion is a few
143 bytes for the `gzip' file header, plus 5 bytes every 32K block, or an
144 expansion ratio of 0.015% for large files. Note that the actual number
145 of used disk blocks almost never increases. `gzip' normally preserves
146 the mode, ownership and time stamps of files when compressing or
149 The `gzip' file format is specified in P. Deutsch, GZIP file format
150 specification version 4.3, Internet RFC 1952
151 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1952.txt) (May 1996). The `zip'
152 deflation format is specified in P. Deutsch, DEFLATE Compressed Data
153 Format Specification version 1.3, Internet RFC 1951
154 (ftp://ftp.isi.edu/in-notes/rfc1951.txt) (May 1996).
157 File: gzip.info, Node: Sample, Next: Invoking gzip, Prev: Overview, Up: Top
162 Here are some realistic examples of running `gzip'.
164 This is the output of the command `gzip -h':
166 Usage: gzip [OPTION]... [FILE]...
167 Compress or uncompress FILEs (by default, compress FILES in-place).
169 Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options too.
171 -c, --stdout write on standard output, keep original files unchanged
172 -d, --decompress decompress
173 -f, --force force overwrite of output file and compress links
174 -h, --help give this help
175 -l, --list list compressed file contents
176 -L, --license display software license
177 -n, --no-name do not save or restore the original name and time stamp
178 -N, --name save or restore the original name and time stamp
179 -q, --quiet suppress all warnings
180 -r, --recursive operate recursively on directories
181 -S, --suffix=SUF use suffix SUF on compressed files
182 -t, --test test compressed file integrity
183 -v, --verbose verbose mode
184 -V, --version display version number
185 -1, --fast compress faster
186 -9, --best compress better
188 With no FILE, or when FILE is -, read standard input.
190 Report bugs to <bug-gzip@gnu.org>.
192 This is the output of the command `gzip -v texinfo.tex':
194 texinfo.tex: 69.3% -- replaced with texinfo.tex.gz
196 The following command will find all regular `.gz' files in the
197 current directory and subdirectories (skipping file names that contain
198 newlines), and extract them in place without destroying the original,
199 stopping on the first failure:
202 *' -prune -o -name '*.gz' -type f -print |
205 s/^\\(.*\\)\\.gz$/gunzip <'\\1.gz' >'\\1'/
210 File: gzip.info, Node: Invoking gzip, Next: Advanced usage, Prev: Sample, Up: Top
215 The format for running the `gzip' program is:
219 `gzip' supports the following options:
224 Write output on standard output; keep original files unchanged.
225 If there are several input files, the output consists of a
226 sequence of independently compressed members. To obtain better
227 compression, concatenate all input files before compressing them.
236 Force compression or decompression even if the file has multiple
237 links or the corresponding file already exists, or if the
238 compressed data is read from or written to a terminal. If the
239 input data is not in a format recognized by `gzip', and if the
240 option `--stdout' is also given, copy the input data without
241 change to the standard output: let `zcat' behave as `cat'. If
242 `-f' is not given, and when not running in the background, `gzip'
243 prompts to verify whether an existing file should be overwritten.
247 Print an informative help message describing the options then quit.
251 For each compressed file, list the following fields:
253 compressed size: size of the compressed file
254 uncompressed size: size of the uncompressed file
255 ratio: compression ratio (0.0% if unknown)
256 uncompressed_name: name of the uncompressed file
258 The uncompressed size is given as -1 for files not in `gzip'
259 format, such as compressed `.Z' files. To get the uncompressed
260 size for such a file, you can use:
264 In combination with the `--verbose' option, the following fields
267 method: compression method (deflate,compress,lzh,pack)
268 crc: the 32-bit CRC of the uncompressed data
269 date & time: time stamp for the uncompressed file
271 The CRC is given as ffffffff for a file not in gzip format.
273 With `--verbose', the size totals and compression ratio for all
274 files is also displayed, unless some sizes are unknown. With
275 `--quiet', the title and totals lines are not displayed.
277 The `gzip' format represents the input size modulo 2^32, so the
278 uncompressed size and compression ratio are listed incorrectly for
279 uncompressed files 4 GiB and larger. To work around this problem,
280 you can use the following command to discover a large uncompressed
287 Display the `gzip' license then quit.
291 When compressing, do not save the original file name and time
292 stamp by default. (The original name is always saved if the name
293 had to be truncated.) When decompressing, do not restore the
294 original file name if present (remove only the `gzip' suffix from
295 the compressed file name) and do not restore the original time
296 stamp if present (copy it from the compressed file). This option
297 is the default when decompressing.
301 When compressing, always save the original file name and time
302 stamp; this is the default. When decompressing, restore the
303 original file name and time stamp if present. This option is
304 useful on systems which have a limit on file name length or when
305 the time stamp has been lost after a file transfer.
309 Suppress all warning messages.
313 Travel the directory structure recursively. If any of the file
314 names specified on the command line are directories, `gzip' will
315 descend into the directory and compress all the files it finds
316 there (or decompress them in the case of `gunzip').
320 Use suffix SUF instead of `.gz'. Any suffix can be given, but
321 suffixes other than `.z' and `.gz' should be avoided to avoid
322 confusion when files are transferred to other systems. A null
323 suffix forces gunzip to try decompression on all given files
324 regardless of suffix, as in:
326 gunzip -S "" * (*.* for MSDOS)
328 Previous versions of gzip used the `.z' suffix. This was changed
329 to avoid a conflict with `pack'.
333 Test. Check the compressed file integrity.
337 Verbose. Display the name and percentage reduction for each file
342 Version. Display the version number and compilation options, then
348 Regulate the speed of compression using the specified digit N,
349 where `-1' or `--fast' indicates the fastest compression method
350 (less compression) and `--best' or `-9' indicates the slowest
351 compression method (optimal compression). The default compression
352 level is `-6' (that is, biased towards high compression at expense
356 File: gzip.info, Node: Advanced usage, Next: Environment, Prev: Invoking gzip, Up: Top
361 Multiple compressed files can be concatenated. In this case, `gunzip'
362 will extract all members at once. If one member is damaged, other
363 members might still be recovered after removal of the damaged member.
364 Better compression can be usually obtained if all members are
365 decompressed and then recompressed in a single step.
367 This is an example of concatenating `gzip' files:
369 gzip -c file1 > foo.gz
370 gzip -c file2 >> foo.gz
380 In case of damage to one member of a `.gz' file, other members can
381 still be recovered (if the damaged member is removed). However, you
382 can get better compression by compressing all members at once:
384 cat file1 file2 | gzip > foo.gz
386 compresses better than
388 gzip -c file1 file2 > foo.gz
390 If you want to recompress concatenated files to get better
393 zcat old.gz | gzip > new.gz
395 If a compressed file consists of several members, the uncompressed
396 size and CRC reported by the `--list' option applies to the last member
397 only. If you need the uncompressed size for all members, you can use:
401 If you wish to create a single archive file with multiple members so
402 that members can later be extracted independently, use an archiver such
403 as `tar' or `zip'. GNU `tar' supports the `-z' option to invoke `gzip'
404 transparently. `gzip' is designed as a complement to `tar', not as a
408 File: gzip.info, Node: Environment, Next: Tapes, Prev: Advanced usage, Up: Top
413 The environment variable `GZIP' can hold a set of default options for
414 `gzip'. These options are interpreted first and can be overwritten by
415 explicit command line parameters. For example:
417 for sh: GZIP="-8v --name"; export GZIP
418 for csh: setenv GZIP "-8v --name"
419 for MSDOS: set GZIP=-8v --name
421 On VMS, the name of the environment variable is `GZIP_OPT', to avoid
422 a conflict with the symbol set for invocation of the program.
425 File: gzip.info, Node: Tapes, Next: Problems, Prev: Environment, Up: Top
427 6 Using `gzip' on tapes
428 ***********************
430 When writing compressed data to a tape, it is generally necessary to pad
431 the output with zeroes up to a block boundary. When the data is read
432 and the whole block is passed to `gunzip' for decompression, `gunzip'
433 detects that there is extra trailing garbage after the compressed data
434 and emits a warning by default if the garbage contains nonzero bytes.
435 You have to use the `--quiet' option to suppress the warning. This
436 option can be set in the `GZIP' environment variable, as in:
438 for sh: GZIP="-q" tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0
439 for csh: (setenv GZIP "-q"; tar -xfz --block-compress /dev/rst0)
441 In the above example, `gzip' is invoked implicitly by the `-z'
442 option of GNU `tar'. Make sure that the same block size (`-b' option
443 of `tar') is used for reading and writing compressed data on tapes.
444 (This example assumes you are using the GNU version of `tar'.)
447 File: gzip.info, Node: Problems, Next: Copying This Manual, Prev: Tapes, Up: Top
452 If you find a bug in `gzip', please send electronic mail to
453 <bug-gzip@gnu.org>. Include the version number, which you can find by
454 running `gzip -V'. Also include in your message the hardware and
455 operating system, the compiler used to compile `gzip', a description of
456 the bug behavior, and the input to `gzip' that triggered the bug.
459 File: gzip.info, Node: Copying This Manual, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Problems, Up: Top
461 Appendix A Copying This Manual
462 ******************************
466 * GNU Free Documentation License:: License for copying this manual.
469 File: gzip.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Copying This Manual
471 A.1 GNU Free Documentation License
472 ==================================
474 Version 1.2, November 2002
476 Copyright (C) 2000,2001,2002 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
477 51 Franklin St, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA
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486 assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
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753 replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
754 publisher that added the old one.
756 The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
757 License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
758 assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
760 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
762 You may combine the Document with other documents released under
763 this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
764 modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
765 all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
766 unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
767 combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
768 their Warranty Disclaimers.
770 The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
771 multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
772 copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
773 but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
774 by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
775 original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
776 unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
777 the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
780 In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
781 "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
782 Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
783 "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
784 must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
786 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
788 You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
789 documents released under this License, and replace the individual
790 copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
791 that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
792 rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
793 documents in all other respects.
795 You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
796 distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
797 a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
798 this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
801 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
803 A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
804 separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
805 a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
806 copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
807 legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
808 works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
809 License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
810 are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
812 If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
813 copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
814 of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
815 on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
816 electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
817 form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
822 Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
823 distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
824 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
825 permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
826 translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
827 original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
828 translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
829 Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
830 include the original English version of this License and the
831 original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
832 disagreement between the translation and the original version of
833 this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
836 If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
837 "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
838 Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
843 You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
844 except as expressly provided for under this License. Any other
845 attempt to copy, modify, sublicense or distribute the Document is
846 void, and will automatically terminate your rights under this
847 License. However, parties who have received copies, or rights,
848 from you under this License will not have their licenses
849 terminated so long as such parties remain in full compliance.
851 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
853 The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
854 the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
855 versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
856 differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
857 `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
859 Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
860 number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
861 version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
862 have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
863 that specified version or of any later version that has been
864 published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
865 the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
866 you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
867 Free Software Foundation.
869 ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
870 ====================================================
872 To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
873 the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
874 notices just after the title page:
876 Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
877 Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
878 under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.2
879 or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
880 with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
881 Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
882 Free Documentation License''.
884 If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
885 Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
887 with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
888 the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
891 If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
892 combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
895 If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
896 recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
897 free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
898 permit their use in free software.
901 File: gzip.info, Node: Concept Index, Prev: Copying This Manual, Up: Top
903 Appendix B Concept Index
904 ************************
909 * bugs: Problems. (line 6)
910 * concatenated files: Advanced usage. (line 6)
911 * Environment: Environment. (line 6)
912 * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
914 * invoking: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
915 * options: Invoking gzip. (line 6)
916 * overview: Overview. (line 6)
917 * sample: Sample. (line 6)
918 * tapes: Tapes. (line 6)
924 Node: Overview
\7f2164
926 Node: Invoking gzip
\7f9298
927 Node: Advanced usage
\7f14290
928 Node: Environment
\7f15877
930 Node: Problems
\7f17459
931 Node: Copying This Manual
\7f17918
932 Node: GNU Free Documentation License
\7f18156
933 Node: Concept Index
\7f40552