[notmuch] / lib / database.cc

/* database.cc - The database interfaces of the notmuch mail library
 *
 * Copyright © 2009 Carl Worth
 *
 * This program is free software: you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation, either version 3 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
 * along with this program.  If not, see http://www.gnu.org/licenses/ .
 *
 * Author: Carl Worth <cworth@cworth.org>
 */

#include "database-private.h"
#include "parse-time-vrp.h"
#include "string-util.h"

#include <iostream>

#include <sys/time.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include <signal.h>
#include <ftw.h>

#include <glib.h> /* g_free, GPtrArray, GHashTable */
#include <glib-object.h> /* g_type_init */

#include <gmime/gmime.h> /* g_mime_init */

using namespace std;

#define ARRAY_SIZE(arr) (sizeof (arr) / sizeof (arr[0]))

typedef struct {
    const char *name;
    const char *prefix;
} prefix_t;

#define NOTMUCH_DATABASE_VERSION 3

#define STRINGIFY(s) _SUB_STRINGIFY(s)
#define _SUB_STRINGIFY(s) #s

/* Here's the current schema for our database (for NOTMUCH_DATABASE_VERSION):
 *
 * We currently have three different types of documents (mail, ghost,
 * and directory) and also some metadata.
 *
 * Mail document
 * -------------
 * A mail document is associated with a particular email message. It
 * is stored in one or more files on disk (though only one has its
 * content indexed) and is uniquely identified  by its "id" field
 * (which is generally the message ID). It is indexed with the
 * following prefixed terms which the database uses to construct
 * threads, etc.:
 *
 *    Single terms of given prefix:
 *
 *      type:   mail
 *
 *      id:     Unique ID of mail. This is from the Message-ID header
 *              if present and not too long (see NOTMUCH_MESSAGE_ID_MAX).
 *              If it's present and too long, then we use
 *              "notmuch-sha1-<sha1_sum_of_message_id>".
 *              If this header is not present, we use
 *              "notmuch-sha1-<sha1_sum_of_entire_file>".
 *
 *      thread: The ID of the thread to which the mail belongs
 *
 *      replyto: The ID from the In-Reply-To header of the mail (if any).
 *
 *    Multiple terms of given prefix:
 *
 *      reference: All message IDs from In-Reply-To and References
 *                 headers in the message.
 *
 *      tag:       Any tags associated with this message by the user.
 *
 *      file-direntry:  A colon-separated pair of values
 *                      (INTEGER:STRING), where INTEGER is the
 *                      document ID of a directory document, and
 *                      STRING is the name of a file within that
 *                      directory for this mail message.
 *
 *    A mail document also has four values:
 *
 *      TIMESTAMP:      The time_t value corresponding to the message's
 *                      Date header.
 *
 *      MESSAGE_ID:     The unique ID of the mail mess (see "id" above)
 *
 *      FROM:           The value of the "From" header
 *
 *      SUBJECT:        The value of the "Subject" header
 *
 *      LAST_MOD:       The revision number as of the last tag or
 *                      filename change.
 *
 * In addition, terms from the content of the message are added with
 * "from", "to", "attachment", and "subject" prefixes for use by the
 * user in searching. Similarly, terms from the path of the mail
 * message are added with "folder" and "path" prefixes. But the
 * database doesn't really care itself about any of these.
 *
 * The data portion of a mail document is empty.
 *
 * Ghost mail document [if NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS]
 * -----------------------------------------------
 * A ghost mail document is like a mail document, but where we don't
 * have the message content.  These are used to track thread reference
 * information for messages we haven't received.
 *
 * A ghost mail document has type: ghost; id and thread fields that
 * are identical to the mail document fields; and a MESSAGE_ID value.
 *
 * Directory document
 * ------------------
 * A directory document is used by a client of the notmuch library to
 * maintain data necessary to allow for efficient polling of mail
 * directories.
 *
 * All directory documents contain one term:
 *
 *      directory:      The directory path (relative to the database path)
 *                      Or the SHA1 sum of the directory path (if the
 *                      path itself is too long to fit in a Xapian
 *                      term).
 *
 * And all directory documents for directories other than top-level
 * directories also contain the following term:
 *
 *      directory-direntry: A colon-separated pair of values
 *                          (INTEGER:STRING), where INTEGER is the
 *                          document ID of the parent directory
 *                          document, and STRING is the name of this
 *                          directory within that parent.
 *
 * All directory documents have a single value:
 *
 *      TIMESTAMP:      The mtime of the directory (at last scan)
 *
 * The data portion of a directory document contains the path of the
 * directory (relative to the database path).
 *
 * Database metadata
 * -----------------
 * Xapian allows us to store arbitrary name-value pairs as
 * "metadata". We currently use the following metadata names with the
 * given meanings:
 *
 *      version         The database schema version, (which is distinct
 *                      from both the notmuch package version (see
 *                      notmuch --version) and the libnotmuch library
 *                      version. The version is stored as an base-10
 *                      ASCII integer. The initial database version
 *                      was 1, (though a schema existed before that
 *                      were no "version" database value existed at
 *                      all). Successive versions are allocated as
 *                      changes are made to the database (such as by
 *                      indexing new fields).
 *
 *      features        The set of features supported by this
 *                      database. This consists of a set of
 *                      '\n'-separated lines, where each is a feature
 *                      name, a '\t', and compatibility flags.  If the
 *                      compatibility flags contain 'w', then the
 *                      opener must support this feature to safely
 *                      write this database.  If the compatibility
 *                      flags contain 'r', then the opener must
 *                      support this feature to read this database.
 *                      Introduced in database version 3.
 *
 *      last_thread_id  The last thread ID generated. This is stored
 *                      as a 16-byte hexadecimal ASCII representation
 *                      of a 64-bit unsigned integer. The first ID
 *                      generated is 1 and the value will be
 *                      incremented for each thread ID.
 *
 * Obsolete metadata
 * -----------------
 *
 * If ! NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS, there are no ghost mail documents.
 * Instead, the database has the following additional database
 * metadata:
 *
 *      thread_id_*     A pre-allocated thread ID for a particular
 *                      message. This is actually an arbitrarily large
 *                      family of metadata name. Any particular name is
 *                      formed by concatenating "thread_id_" with a message
 *                      ID (or the SHA1 sum of a message ID if it is very
 *                      long---see description of 'id' in the mail
 *                      document). The value stored is a thread ID.
 *
 *                      These thread ID metadata values are stored
 *                      whenever a message references a parent message
 *                      that does not yet exist in the database. A
 *                      thread ID will be allocated and stored, and if
 *                      the message is later added, the stored thread
 *                      ID will be used (and the metadata value will
 *                      be cleared).
 *
 *                      Even before a message is added, it's
 *                      pre-allocated thread ID is useful so that all
 *                      descendant messages that reference this common
 *                      parent can be recognized as belonging to the
 *                      same thread.
 */

/* With these prefix values we follow the conventions published here:
 *
 * http://xapian.org/docs/omega/termprefixes.html
 *
 * as much as makes sense. Note that I took some liberty in matching
 * the reserved prefix values to notmuch concepts, (for example, 'G'
 * is documented as "newsGroup (or similar entity - e.g. a web forum
 * name)", for which I think the thread is the closest analogue in
 * notmuch. This in spite of the fact that we will eventually be
 * storing mailing-list messages where 'G' for "mailing list name"
 * might be even a closer analogue. I'm treating the single-character
 * prefixes preferentially for core notmuch concepts (which will be
 * nearly universal to all mail messages).
 */

static prefix_t BOOLEAN_PREFIX_INTERNAL[] = {
    { "type",                   "T" },
    { "reference",              "XREFERENCE" },
    { "replyto",                "XREPLYTO" },
    { "directory",              "XDIRECTORY" },
    { "file-direntry",          "XFDIRENTRY" },
    { "directory-direntry",     "XDDIRENTRY" },
};

static prefix_t BOOLEAN_PREFIX_EXTERNAL[] = {
    { "thread",                 "G" },
    { "tag",                    "K" },
    { "is",                     "K" },
    { "id",                     "Q" },
    { "path",                   "P" },
    /*
     * Without the ":", since this is a multi-letter prefix, Xapian
     * will add a colon itself if the first letter of the path is
     * upper-case ASCII. Including the ":" forces there to always be a
     * colon, which keeps our own logic simpler.
     */
    { "folder",                 "XFOLDER:" },
};

static prefix_t PROBABILISTIC_PREFIX[]= {
    { "from",                   "XFROM" },
    { "to",                     "XTO" },
    { "attachment",             "XATTACHMENT" },
    { "mimetype",               "XMIMETYPE"},
    { "subject",                "XSUBJECT"},
};

const char *
_find_prefix (const char *name)
{
    unsigned int i;

    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (BOOLEAN_PREFIX_INTERNAL); i++) {
        if (strcmp (name, BOOLEAN_PREFIX_INTERNAL[i].name) == 0)
            return BOOLEAN_PREFIX_INTERNAL[i].prefix;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (BOOLEAN_PREFIX_EXTERNAL); i++) {
        if (strcmp (name, BOOLEAN_PREFIX_EXTERNAL[i].name) == 0)
            return BOOLEAN_PREFIX_EXTERNAL[i].prefix;
    }

    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (PROBABILISTIC_PREFIX); i++) {
        if (strcmp (name, PROBABILISTIC_PREFIX[i].name) == 0)
            return PROBABILISTIC_PREFIX[i].prefix;
    }

    INTERNAL_ERROR ("No prefix exists for '%s'\n", name);

    return "";
}

static const struct {
    /* NOTMUCH_FEATURE_* value. */
    _notmuch_features value;
    /* Feature name as it appears in the database.  This name should
     * be appropriate for displaying to the user if an older version
     * of notmuch doesn't support this feature. */
    const char *name;
    /* Compatibility flags when this feature is declared. */
    const char *flags;
} feature_names[] = {
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS,
      "multiple paths per message", "rw" },
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_DIRECTORY_DOCS,
      "relative directory paths", "rw" },
    /* Header values are not required for reading a database because a
     * reader can just refer to the message file. */
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FROM_SUBJECT_ID_VALUES,
      "from/subject/message-ID in database", "w" },
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER,
      "exact folder:/path: search", "rw" },
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS,
      "mail documents for missing messages", "w"},
    /* Knowledge of the index mime-types are not required for reading
     * a database because a reader will just be unable to query
     * them. */
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_INDEXED_MIMETYPES,
      "indexed MIME types", "w"},
    { NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD,
      "modification tracking", "w"},
};

const char *
notmuch_status_to_string (notmuch_status_t status)
{
    switch (status) {
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS:
        return "No error occurred";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY:
        return "Out of memory";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_READ_ONLY_DATABASE:
        return "Attempt to write to a read-only database";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION:
        return "A Xapian exception occurred";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR:
        return "Something went wrong trying to read or write a file";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_NOT_EMAIL:
        return "File is not an email";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_DUPLICATE_MESSAGE_ID:
        return "Message ID is identical to a message in database";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_NULL_POINTER:
        return "Erroneous NULL pointer";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_TAG_TOO_LONG:
        return "Tag value is too long (exceeds NOTMUCH_TAG_MAX)";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_UNBALANCED_FREEZE_THAW:
        return "Unbalanced number of calls to notmuch_message_freeze/thaw";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_UNBALANCED_ATOMIC:
        return "Unbalanced number of calls to notmuch_database_begin_atomic/end_atomic";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION:
        return "Unsupported operation";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_UPGRADE_REQUIRED:
        return "Operation requires a database upgrade";
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_PATH_ERROR:
        return "Path supplied is illegal for this function";
    default:
    case NOTMUCH_STATUS_LAST_STATUS:
        return "Unknown error status value";
    }
}

void
_notmuch_database_log (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                      const char *format,
                      ...)
{
    va_list va_args;

    va_start (va_args, format);

    if (notmuch->status_string)
        talloc_free (notmuch->status_string);

    notmuch->status_string = talloc_vasprintf (notmuch, format, va_args);

    va_end (va_args);
}

static void
find_doc_ids_for_term (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                       const char *term,
                       Xapian::PostingIterator *begin,
                       Xapian::PostingIterator *end)
{
    *begin = notmuch->xapian_db->postlist_begin (term);

    *end = notmuch->xapian_db->postlist_end (term);
}

static void
find_doc_ids (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
              const char *prefix_name,
              const char *value,
              Xapian::PostingIterator *begin,
              Xapian::PostingIterator *end)
{
    char *term;

    term = talloc_asprintf (notmuch, "%s%s",
                            _find_prefix (prefix_name), value);

    find_doc_ids_for_term (notmuch, term, begin, end);

    talloc_free (term);
}

notmuch_private_status_t
_notmuch_database_find_unique_doc_id (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                      const char *prefix_name,
                                      const char *value,
                                      unsigned int *doc_id)
{
    Xapian::PostingIterator i, end;

    find_doc_ids (notmuch, prefix_name, value, &i, &end);

    if (i == end) {
        *doc_id = 0;
        return NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_NO_DOCUMENT_FOUND;
    }

    *doc_id = *i;

#if DEBUG_DATABASE_SANITY
    i++;

    if (i != end)
        INTERNAL_ERROR ("Term %s:%s is not unique as expected.\n",
                        prefix_name, value);
#endif

    return NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static Xapian::Document
find_document_for_doc_id (notmuch_database_t *notmuch, unsigned doc_id)
{
    return notmuch->xapian_db->get_document (doc_id);
}

/* Generate a compressed version of 'message_id' of the form:
 *
 *      notmuch-sha1-<sha1_sum_of_message_id>
 */
char *
_notmuch_message_id_compressed (void *ctx, const char *message_id)
{
    char *sha1, *compressed;

    sha1 = _notmuch_sha1_of_string (message_id);

    compressed = talloc_asprintf (ctx, "notmuch-sha1-%s", sha1);
    free (sha1);

    return compressed;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_find_message (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                               const char *message_id,
                               notmuch_message_t **message_ret)
{
    notmuch_private_status_t status;
    unsigned int doc_id;

    if (message_ret == NULL)
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_NULL_POINTER;

    if (strlen (message_id) > NOTMUCH_MESSAGE_ID_MAX)
        message_id = _notmuch_message_id_compressed (notmuch, message_id);

    try {
        status = _notmuch_database_find_unique_doc_id (notmuch, "id",
                                                       message_id, &doc_id);

        if (status == NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_NO_DOCUMENT_FOUND)
            *message_ret = NULL;
        else {
            *message_ret = _notmuch_message_create (notmuch, notmuch, doc_id,
                                                    NULL);
            if (*message_ret == NULL)
                return NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        }

        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "A Xapian exception occurred finding message: %s.\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        notmuch->exception_reported = TRUE;
        *message_ret = NULL;
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
    }
}

/* Advance 'str' past any whitespace or RFC 822 comments. A comment is
 * a (potentially nested) parenthesized sequence with '\' used to
 * escape any character (including parentheses).
 *
 * If the sequence to be skipped continues to the end of the string,
 * then 'str' will be left pointing at the final terminating '\0'
 * character.
 */
static void
skip_space_and_comments (const char **str)
{
    const char *s;

    s = *str;
    while (*s && (isspace (*s) || *s == '(')) {
        while (*s && isspace (*s))
            s++;
        if (*s == '(') {
            int nesting = 1;
            s++;
            while (*s && nesting) {
                if (*s == '(') {
                    nesting++;
                } else if (*s == ')') {
                    nesting--;
                } else if (*s == '\\') {
                    if (*(s+1))
                        s++;
                }
                s++;
            }
        }
    }

    *str = s;
}

/* Parse an RFC 822 message-id, discarding whitespace, any RFC 822
 * comments, and the '<' and '>' delimiters.
 *
 * If not NULL, then *next will be made to point to the first character
 * not parsed, (possibly pointing to the final '\0' terminator.
 *
 * Returns a newly talloc'ed string belonging to 'ctx'.
 *
 * Returns NULL if there is any error parsing the message-id. */
static char *
_parse_message_id (void *ctx, const char *message_id, const char **next)
{
    const char *s, *end;
    char *result;

    if (message_id == NULL || *message_id == '\0')
        return NULL;

    s = message_id;

    skip_space_and_comments (&s);

    /* Skip any unstructured text as well. */
    while (*s && *s != '<')
        s++;

    if (*s == '<') {
        s++;
    } else {
        if (next)
            *next = s;
        return NULL;
    }

    skip_space_and_comments (&s);

    end = s;
    while (*end && *end != '>')
        end++;
    if (next) {
        if (*end)
            *next = end + 1;
        else
            *next = end;
    }

    if (end > s && *end == '>')
        end--;
    if (end <= s)
        return NULL;

    result = talloc_strndup (ctx, s, end - s + 1);

    /* Finally, collapse any whitespace that is within the message-id
     * itself. */
    {
        char *r;
        int len;

        for (r = result, len = strlen (r); *r; r++, len--)
            if (*r == ' ' || *r == '\t')
                memmove (r, r+1, len);
    }

    return result;
}

/* Parse a References header value, putting a (talloc'ed under 'ctx')
 * copy of each referenced message-id into 'hash'.
 *
 * We explicitly avoid including any reference identical to
 * 'message_id' in the result (to avoid mass confusion when a single
 * message references itself cyclically---and yes, mail messages are
 * not infrequent in the wild that do this---don't ask me why).
 *
 * Return the last reference parsed, if it is not equal to message_id.
 */
static char *
parse_references (void *ctx,
                  const char *message_id,
                  GHashTable *hash,
                  const char *refs)
{
    char *ref, *last_ref = NULL;

    if (refs == NULL || *refs == '\0')
        return NULL;

    while (*refs) {
        ref = _parse_message_id (ctx, refs, &refs);

        if (ref && strcmp (ref, message_id)) {
            g_hash_table_insert (hash, ref, NULL);
            last_ref = ref;
        }
    }

    /* The return value of this function is used to add a parent
     * reference to the database.  We should avoid making a message
     * its own parent, thus the above check.
     */
    return last_ref;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_create (const char *path, notmuch_database_t **database)
{
    char *status_string = NULL;
    notmuch_status_t status;

    status = notmuch_database_create_verbose (path, database,
                                              &status_string);

    if (status_string) {
        fputs (status_string, stderr);
        free (status_string);
    }

    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_create_verbose (const char *path,
                                 notmuch_database_t **database,
                                 char **status_string)
{
    notmuch_status_t status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    notmuch_database_t *notmuch = NULL;
    char *notmuch_path = NULL;
    char *message = NULL;
    struct stat st;
    int err;

    if (path == NULL) {
        message = strdup ("Error: Cannot create a database for a NULL path.\n");
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_NULL_POINTER;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (path[0] != '/') {
        message = strdup ("Error: Database path must be absolute.\n");
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_PATH_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    err = stat (path, &st);
    if (err) {
        IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message, "Error: Cannot create database at %s: %s.\n",
                                path, strerror (errno)));
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! S_ISDIR (st.st_mode)) {
        IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message, "Error: Cannot create database at %s: "
                                 "Not a directory.\n",
                                 path));
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    notmuch_path = talloc_asprintf (NULL, "%s/%s", path, ".notmuch");

    err = mkdir (notmuch_path, 0755);

    if (err) {
        IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message, "Error: Cannot create directory %s: %s.\n",
                                 notmuch_path, strerror (errno)));
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    status = notmuch_database_open_verbose (path,
                                            NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE,
                                            &notmuch, &message);
    if (status)
        goto DONE;

    /* Upgrade doesn't add these feature to existing databases, but
     * new databases have them. */
    notmuch->features |= NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FROM_SUBJECT_ID_VALUES;
    notmuch->features |= NOTMUCH_FEATURE_INDEXED_MIMETYPES;

    status = notmuch_database_upgrade (notmuch, NULL, NULL);
    if (status) {
        notmuch_database_close(notmuch);
        notmuch = NULL;
    }

  DONE:
    if (notmuch_path)
        talloc_free (notmuch_path);

    if (message) {
        if (status_string)
            *status_string = message;
        else
            free (message);
    }
    if (database)
        *database = notmuch;
    else
        talloc_free (notmuch);
    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_ensure_writable (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    if (notmuch->mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_ONLY) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Cannot write to a read-only database.\n");
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_READ_ONLY_DATABASE;
    }

    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Allocate a revision number for the next change. */
unsigned long
_notmuch_database_new_revision (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    unsigned long new_revision = notmuch->revision + 1;

    /* If we're in an atomic section, hold off on updating the
     * committed revision number until we commit the atomic section.
     */
    if (notmuch->atomic_nesting)
        notmuch->atomic_dirty = TRUE;
    else
        notmuch->revision = new_revision;

    return new_revision;
}

/* Parse a database features string from the given database version.
 * Returns the feature bit set.
 *
 * For version < 3, this ignores the features string and returns a
 * hard-coded set of features.
 *
 * If there are unrecognized features that are required to open the
 * database in mode (which should be 'r' or 'w'), return a
 * comma-separated list of unrecognized but required features in
 * *incompat_out suitable for presenting to the user.  *incompat_out
 * will be allocated from ctx.
 */
static _notmuch_features
_parse_features (const void *ctx, const char *features, unsigned int version,
                 char mode, char **incompat_out)
{
    _notmuch_features res = static_cast<_notmuch_features>(0);
    unsigned int namelen, i;
    size_t llen = 0;
    const char *flags;

    /* Prior to database version 3, features were implied by the
     * version number. */
    if (version == 0)
        return NOTMUCH_FEATURES_V0;
    else if (version == 1)
        return NOTMUCH_FEATURES_V1;
    else if (version == 2)
        return NOTMUCH_FEATURES_V2;

    /* Parse the features string */
    while ((features = strtok_len_c (features + llen, "\n", &llen)) != NULL) {
        flags = strchr (features, '\t');
        if (! flags || flags > features + llen)
            continue;
        namelen = flags - features;

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (feature_names); ++i) {
            if (strlen (feature_names[i].name) == namelen &&
                strncmp (feature_names[i].name, features, namelen) == 0) {
                res |= feature_names[i].value;
                break;
            }
        }

        if (i == ARRAY_SIZE (feature_names) && incompat_out) {
            /* Unrecognized feature */
            const char *have = strchr (flags, mode);
            if (have && have < features + llen) {
                /* This feature is required to access this database in
                 * 'mode', but we don't understand it. */
                if (! *incompat_out)
                    *incompat_out = talloc_strdup (ctx, "");
                *incompat_out = talloc_asprintf_append_buffer (
                    *incompat_out, "%s%.*s", **incompat_out ? ", " : "",
                    namelen, features);
            }
        }
    }

    return res;
}

static char *
_print_features (const void *ctx, unsigned int features)
{
    unsigned int i;
    char *res = talloc_strdup (ctx, "");

    for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (feature_names); ++i)
        if (features & feature_names[i].value)
            res = talloc_asprintf_append_buffer (
                res, "%s\t%s\n", feature_names[i].name, feature_names[i].flags);

    return res;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_open (const char *path,
                       notmuch_database_mode_t mode,
                       notmuch_database_t **database)
{
    char *status_string = NULL;
    notmuch_status_t status;

    status = notmuch_database_open_verbose (path, mode, database,
                                           &status_string);

    if (status_string) {
        fputs (status_string, stderr);
        free (status_string);
    }

    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_open_verbose (const char *path,
                               notmuch_database_mode_t mode,
                               notmuch_database_t **database,
                               char **status_string)
{
    notmuch_status_t status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    void *local = talloc_new (NULL);
    notmuch_database_t *notmuch = NULL;
    char *notmuch_path, *xapian_path, *incompat_features;
    char *message = NULL;
    struct stat st;
    int err;
    unsigned int i, version;
    static int initialized = 0;

    if (path == NULL) {
        message = strdup ("Error: Cannot open a database for a NULL path.\n");
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_NULL_POINTER;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (path[0] != '/') {
        message = strdup ("Error: Database path must be absolute.\n");
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_PATH_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! (notmuch_path = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s/%s", path, ".notmuch"))) {
        message = strdup ("Out of memory\n");
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto DONE;
    }

    err = stat (notmuch_path, &st);
    if (err) {
        IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message, "Error opening database at %s: %s\n",
                                 notmuch_path, strerror (errno)));
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! (xapian_path = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s/%s", notmuch_path, "xapian"))) {
        message = strdup ("Out of memory\n");
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto DONE;
    }

    /* Initialize the GLib type system and threads */
#if !GLIB_CHECK_VERSION(2, 35, 1)
    g_type_init ();
#endif

    /* Initialize gmime */
    if (! initialized) {
        g_mime_init (GMIME_ENABLE_RFC2047_WORKAROUNDS);
        initialized = 1;
    }

    notmuch = talloc_zero (NULL, notmuch_database_t);
    notmuch->exception_reported = FALSE;
    notmuch->status_string = NULL;
    notmuch->path = talloc_strdup (notmuch, path);

    if (notmuch->path[strlen (notmuch->path) - 1] == '/')
        notmuch->path[strlen (notmuch->path) - 1] = '\0';

    notmuch->mode = mode;
    notmuch->atomic_nesting = 0;
    try {
        string last_thread_id;
        string last_mod;

        if (mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE) {
            notmuch->xapian_db = new Xapian::WritableDatabase (xapian_path,
                                                               Xapian::DB_CREATE_OR_OPEN);
        } else {
            notmuch->xapian_db = new Xapian::Database (xapian_path);
        }

        /* Check version.  As of database version 3, we represent
         * changes in terms of features, so assume a version bump
         * means a dramatically incompatible change. */
        version = notmuch_database_get_version (notmuch);
        if (version > NOTMUCH_DATABASE_VERSION) {
            IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message,
                      "Error: Notmuch database at %s\n"
                      "       has a newer database format version (%u) than supported by this\n"
                      "       version of notmuch (%u).\n",
                                     notmuch_path, version, NOTMUCH_DATABASE_VERSION));
            notmuch->mode = NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_ONLY;
            notmuch_database_destroy (notmuch);
            notmuch = NULL;
            status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
            goto DONE;
        }

        /* Check features. */
        incompat_features = NULL;
        notmuch->features = _parse_features (
            local, notmuch->xapian_db->get_metadata ("features").c_str (),
            version, mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE ? 'w' : 'r',
            &incompat_features);
        if (incompat_features) {
            IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message,
                "Error: Notmuch database at %s\n"
                "       requires features (%s)\n"
                "       not supported by this version of notmuch.\n",
                                     notmuch_path, incompat_features));
            notmuch->mode = NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_ONLY;
            notmuch_database_destroy (notmuch);
            notmuch = NULL;
            status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
            goto DONE;
        }

        notmuch->last_doc_id = notmuch->xapian_db->get_lastdocid ();
        last_thread_id = notmuch->xapian_db->get_metadata ("last_thread_id");
        if (last_thread_id.empty ()) {
            notmuch->last_thread_id = 0;
        } else {
            const char *str;
            char *end;

            str = last_thread_id.c_str ();
            notmuch->last_thread_id = strtoull (str, &end, 16);
            if (*end != '\0')
                INTERNAL_ERROR ("Malformed database last_thread_id: %s", str);
        }

        /* Get current highest revision number. */
        last_mod = notmuch->xapian_db->get_value_upper_bound (
            NOTMUCH_VALUE_LAST_MOD);
        if (last_mod.empty ())
            notmuch->revision = 0;
        else
            notmuch->revision = Xapian::sortable_unserialise (last_mod);
        notmuch->uuid = talloc_strdup (
            notmuch, notmuch->xapian_db->get_uuid ().c_str ());

        notmuch->query_parser = new Xapian::QueryParser;
        notmuch->term_gen = new Xapian::TermGenerator;
        notmuch->term_gen->set_stemmer (Xapian::Stem ("english"));
        notmuch->value_range_processor = new Xapian::NumberValueRangeProcessor (NOTMUCH_VALUE_TIMESTAMP);
        notmuch->date_range_processor = new ParseTimeValueRangeProcessor (NOTMUCH_VALUE_TIMESTAMP);
        notmuch->last_mod_range_processor = new Xapian::NumberValueRangeProcessor (NOTMUCH_VALUE_LAST_MOD, "lastmod:");

        notmuch->query_parser->set_default_op (Xapian::Query::OP_AND);
        notmuch->query_parser->set_database (*notmuch->xapian_db);
        notmuch->query_parser->set_stemmer (Xapian::Stem ("english"));
        notmuch->query_parser->set_stemming_strategy (Xapian::QueryParser::STEM_SOME);
        notmuch->query_parser->add_valuerangeprocessor (notmuch->value_range_processor);
        notmuch->query_parser->add_valuerangeprocessor (notmuch->date_range_processor);
        notmuch->query_parser->add_valuerangeprocessor (notmuch->last_mod_range_processor);

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (BOOLEAN_PREFIX_EXTERNAL); i++) {
            prefix_t *prefix = &BOOLEAN_PREFIX_EXTERNAL[i];
            notmuch->query_parser->add_boolean_prefix (prefix->name,
                                                       prefix->prefix);
        }

        for (i = 0; i < ARRAY_SIZE (PROBABILISTIC_PREFIX); i++) {
            prefix_t *prefix = &PROBABILISTIC_PREFIX[i];
            notmuch->query_parser->add_prefix (prefix->name, prefix->prefix);
        }
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        IGNORE_RESULT (asprintf (&message, "A Xapian exception occurred opening database: %s\n",
                                 error.get_msg().c_str()));
        notmuch_database_destroy (notmuch);
        notmuch = NULL;
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
    }

  DONE:
    talloc_free (local);

    if (message) {
        if (status_string)
            *status_string = message;
        else
            free (message);
    }

    if (database)
        *database = notmuch;
    else
        talloc_free (notmuch);
    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_close (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    notmuch_status_t status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    /* Many Xapian objects (and thus notmuch objects) hold references to
     * the database, so merely deleting the database may not suffice to
     * close it.  Thus, we explicitly close it here. */
    if (notmuch->xapian_db != NULL) {
        try {
            /* If there's an outstanding transaction, it's unclear if
             * closing the Xapian database commits everything up to
             * that transaction, or may discard committed (but
             * unflushed) transactions.  To be certain, explicitly
             * cancel any outstanding transaction before closing. */
            if (notmuch->mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE &&
                notmuch->atomic_nesting)
                (static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db))
                    ->cancel_transaction ();

            /* Close the database.  This implicitly flushes
             * outstanding changes. */
            notmuch->xapian_db->close();
        } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
            status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
            if (! notmuch->exception_reported) {
                _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Error: A Xapian exception occurred closing database: %s\n",
                         error.get_msg().c_str());
            }
        }
    }

    delete notmuch->term_gen;
    notmuch->term_gen = NULL;
    delete notmuch->query_parser;
    notmuch->query_parser = NULL;
    delete notmuch->xapian_db;
    notmuch->xapian_db = NULL;
    delete notmuch->value_range_processor;
    notmuch->value_range_processor = NULL;
    delete notmuch->date_range_processor;
    notmuch->date_range_processor = NULL;
    delete notmuch->last_mod_range_processor;
    notmuch->last_mod_range_processor = NULL;

    return status;
}

#if HAVE_XAPIAN_COMPACT
static int
unlink_cb (const char *path,
           unused (const struct stat *sb),
           unused (int type),
           unused (struct FTW *ftw))
{
    return remove (path);
}

static int
rmtree (const char *path)
{
    return nftw (path, unlink_cb, 64, FTW_DEPTH | FTW_PHYS);
}

class NotmuchCompactor : public Xapian::Compactor
{
    notmuch_compact_status_cb_t status_cb;
    void *status_closure;

public:
    NotmuchCompactor(notmuch_compact_status_cb_t cb, void *closure) :
        status_cb (cb), status_closure (closure) { }

    virtual void
    set_status (const std::string &table, const std::string &status)
    {
        char *msg;

        if (status_cb == NULL)
            return;

        if (status.length () == 0)
            msg = talloc_asprintf (NULL, "compacting table %s", table.c_str());
        else
            msg = talloc_asprintf (NULL, "     %s", status.c_str());

        if (msg == NULL) {
            return;
        }

        status_cb (msg, status_closure);
        talloc_free (msg);
    }
};

/* Compacts the given database, optionally saving the original database
 * in backup_path. Additionally, a callback function can be provided to
 * give the user feedback on the progress of the (likely long-lived)
 * compaction process.
 *
 * The backup path must point to a directory on the same volume as the
 * original database. Passing a NULL backup_path will result in the
 * uncompacted database being deleted after compaction has finished.
 * Note that the database write lock will be held during the
 * compaction process to protect data integrity.
 */
notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_compact (const char *path,
                          const char *backup_path,
                          notmuch_compact_status_cb_t status_cb,
                          void *closure)
{
    void *local;
    char *notmuch_path, *xapian_path, *compact_xapian_path;
    notmuch_status_t ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    notmuch_database_t *notmuch = NULL;
    struct stat statbuf;
    notmuch_bool_t keep_backup;
    char *message = NULL;

    local = talloc_new (NULL);
    if (! local)
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

    ret = notmuch_database_open_verbose (path,
                                         NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE,
                                         &notmuch,
                                         &message);
    if (ret) {
        if (status_cb) status_cb (message, closure);
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! (notmuch_path = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s/%s", path, ".notmuch"))) {
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! (xapian_path = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s/%s", notmuch_path, "xapian"))) {
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! (compact_xapian_path = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s.compact", xapian_path))) {
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (backup_path == NULL) {
        if (! (backup_path = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s.old", xapian_path))) {
            ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
            goto DONE;
        }
        keep_backup = FALSE;
    }
    else {
        keep_backup = TRUE;
    }

    if (stat (backup_path, &statbuf) != -1) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Path already exists: %s\n", backup_path);
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }
    if (errno != ENOENT) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Unknown error while stat()ing path: %s\n",
                 strerror (errno));
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    /* Unconditionally attempt to remove old work-in-progress database (if
     * any). This is "protected" by database lock. If this fails due to write
     * errors (etc), the following code will fail and provide error message.
     */
    (void) rmtree (compact_xapian_path);

    try {
        NotmuchCompactor compactor (status_cb, closure);

        compactor.set_renumber (false);
        compactor.add_source (xapian_path);
        compactor.set_destdir (compact_xapian_path);
        compactor.compact ();
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Error while compacting: %s\n", error.get_msg().c_str());
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (rename (xapian_path, backup_path)) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Error moving %s to %s: %s\n",
                 xapian_path, backup_path, strerror (errno));
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (rename (compact_xapian_path, xapian_path)) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Error moving %s to %s: %s\n",
                 compact_xapian_path, xapian_path, strerror (errno));
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
        goto DONE;
    }

    if (! keep_backup) {
        if (rmtree (backup_path)) {
            _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Error removing old database %s: %s\n",
                     backup_path, strerror (errno));
            ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
            goto DONE;
        }
    }

  DONE:
    if (notmuch) {
        notmuch_status_t ret2;

        const char *str = notmuch_database_status_string (notmuch);
        if (status_cb && str)
            status_cb (str, closure);

        ret2 = notmuch_database_destroy (notmuch);

        /* don't clobber previous error status */
        if (ret == NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS && ret2 != NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS)
            ret = ret2;
    }

    talloc_free (local);

    return ret;
}
#else
notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_compact (unused (const char *path),
                          unused (const char *backup_path),
                          unused (notmuch_compact_status_cb_t status_cb),
                          unused (void *closure))
{
    _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "notmuch was compiled against a xapian version lacking compaction support.\n");
    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_UNSUPPORTED_OPERATION;
}
#endif

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_destroy (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    notmuch_status_t status;

    status = notmuch_database_close (notmuch);
    talloc_free (notmuch);

    return status;
}

const char *
notmuch_database_get_path (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    return notmuch->path;
}

unsigned int
notmuch_database_get_version (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    unsigned int version;
    string version_string;
    const char *str;
    char *end;

    version_string = notmuch->xapian_db->get_metadata ("version");
    if (version_string.empty ())
        return 0;

    str = version_string.c_str ();
    if (str == NULL || *str == '\0')
        return 0;

    version = strtoul (str, &end, 10);
    if (*end != '\0')
        INTERNAL_ERROR ("Malformed database version: %s", str);

    return version;
}

notmuch_bool_t
notmuch_database_needs_upgrade (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    return notmuch->mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_WRITE &&
        ((NOTMUCH_FEATURES_CURRENT & ~notmuch->features) ||
         (notmuch_database_get_version (notmuch) < NOTMUCH_DATABASE_VERSION));
}

static volatile sig_atomic_t do_progress_notify = 0;

static void
handle_sigalrm (unused (int signal))
{
    do_progress_notify = 1;
}

/* Upgrade the current database.
 *
 * After opening a database in read-write mode, the client should
 * check if an upgrade is needed (notmuch_database_needs_upgrade) and
 * if so, upgrade with this function before making any modifications.
 *
 * The optional progress_notify callback can be used by the caller to
 * provide progress indication to the user. If non-NULL it will be
 * called periodically with 'count' as the number of messages upgraded
 * so far and 'total' the overall number of messages that will be
 * converted.
 */
notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_upgrade (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                          void (*progress_notify) (void *closure,
                                                   double progress),
                          void *closure)
{
    void *local = talloc_new (NULL);
    Xapian::TermIterator t, t_end;
    Xapian::WritableDatabase *db;
    struct sigaction action;
    struct itimerval timerval;
    notmuch_bool_t timer_is_active = FALSE;
    enum _notmuch_features target_features, new_features;
    notmuch_status_t status;
    notmuch_private_status_t private_status;
    unsigned int count = 0, total = 0;

    status = _notmuch_database_ensure_writable (notmuch);
    if (status)
        return status;

    db = static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db);

    target_features = notmuch->features | NOTMUCH_FEATURES_CURRENT;
    new_features = NOTMUCH_FEATURES_CURRENT & ~notmuch->features;

    if (! notmuch_database_needs_upgrade (notmuch))
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    if (progress_notify) {
        /* Set up our handler for SIGALRM */
        memset (&action, 0, sizeof (struct sigaction));
        action.sa_handler = handle_sigalrm;
        sigemptyset (&action.sa_mask);
        action.sa_flags = SA_RESTART;
        sigaction (SIGALRM, &action, NULL);

        /* Then start a timer to send SIGALRM once per second. */
        timerval.it_interval.tv_sec = 1;
        timerval.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
        timerval.it_value.tv_sec = 1;
        timerval.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
        setitimer (ITIMER_REAL, &timerval, NULL);

        timer_is_active = TRUE;
    }

    /* Figure out how much total work we need to do. */
    if (new_features &
        (NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER |
         NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)) {
        notmuch_query_t *query = notmuch_query_create (notmuch, "");
        total += notmuch_query_count_messages (query);
        notmuch_query_destroy (query);
    }
    if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_DIRECTORY_DOCS) {
        t_end = db->allterms_end ("XTIMESTAMP");
        for (t = db->allterms_begin ("XTIMESTAMP"); t != t_end; t++)
            ++total;
    }
    if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS) {
        /* The ghost message upgrade converts all thread_id_*
         * metadata values into ghost message documents. */
        t_end = db->metadata_keys_end ("thread_id_");
        for (t = db->metadata_keys_begin ("thread_id_"); t != t_end; ++t)
            ++total;
    }

    /* Perform the upgrade in a transaction. */
    db->begin_transaction (true);

    /* Set the target features so we write out changes in the desired
     * format. */
    notmuch->features = target_features;

    /* Perform per-message upgrades. */
    if (new_features &
        (NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS | NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER |
         NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)) {
        notmuch_query_t *query = notmuch_query_create (notmuch, "");
        notmuch_messages_t *messages;
        notmuch_message_t *message;
        char *filename;

        for (messages = notmuch_query_search_messages (query);
             notmuch_messages_valid (messages);
             notmuch_messages_move_to_next (messages))
        {
            if (do_progress_notify) {
                progress_notify (closure, (double) count / total);
                do_progress_notify = 0;
            }

            message = notmuch_messages_get (messages);

            /* Before version 1, each message document had its
             * filename in the data field. Copy that into the new
             * format by calling notmuch_message_add_filename.
             */
            if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS) {
                filename = _notmuch_message_talloc_copy_data (message);
                if (filename && *filename != '\0') {
                    _notmuch_message_add_filename (message, filename);
                    _notmuch_message_clear_data (message);
                }
                talloc_free (filename);
            }

            /* Prior to version 2, the "folder:" prefix was
             * probabilistic and stemmed. Change it to the current
             * boolean prefix. Add "path:" prefixes while at it.
             */
            if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_BOOL_FOLDER)
                _notmuch_message_upgrade_folder (message);

            /* Prior to NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD, messages did not
             * track modification revisions.  Give all messages the
             * next available revision; since we just started tracking
             * revisions for this database, that will be 1.
             */
            if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_LAST_MOD)
                _notmuch_message_upgrade_last_mod (message);

            _notmuch_message_sync (message);

            notmuch_message_destroy (message);

            count++;
        }

        notmuch_query_destroy (query);
    }

    /* Perform per-directory upgrades. */

    /* Before version 1 we stored directory timestamps in
     * XTIMESTAMP documents instead of the current XDIRECTORY
     * documents. So copy those as well. */
    if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_DIRECTORY_DOCS) {
        t_end = notmuch->xapian_db->allterms_end ("XTIMESTAMP");

        for (t = notmuch->xapian_db->allterms_begin ("XTIMESTAMP");
             t != t_end;
             t++)
        {
            Xapian::PostingIterator p, p_end;
            std::string term = *t;

            p_end = notmuch->xapian_db->postlist_end (term);

            for (p = notmuch->xapian_db->postlist_begin (term);
                 p != p_end;
                 p++)
            {
                Xapian::Document document;
                time_t mtime;
                notmuch_directory_t *directory;

                if (do_progress_notify) {
                    progress_notify (closure, (double) count / total);
                    do_progress_notify = 0;
                }

                document = find_document_for_doc_id (notmuch, *p);
                mtime = Xapian::sortable_unserialise (
                    document.get_value (NOTMUCH_VALUE_TIMESTAMP));

                directory = _notmuch_directory_create (notmuch, term.c_str() + 10,
                                                       NOTMUCH_FIND_CREATE, &status);
                notmuch_directory_set_mtime (directory, mtime);
                notmuch_directory_destroy (directory);

                db->delete_document (*p);
            }

            ++count;
        }
    }

    /* Perform metadata upgrades. */

    /* Prior to NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS, thread IDs for missing
     * messages were stored as database metadata. Change these to
     * ghost messages.
     */
    if (new_features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS) {
        notmuch_message_t *message;
        std::string message_id, thread_id;

        t_end = db->metadata_keys_end (NOTMUCH_METADATA_THREAD_ID_PREFIX);
        for (t = db->metadata_keys_begin (NOTMUCH_METADATA_THREAD_ID_PREFIX);
             t != t_end; ++t) {
            if (do_progress_notify) {
                progress_notify (closure, (double) count / total);
                do_progress_notify = 0;
            }

            message_id = (*t).substr (
                strlen (NOTMUCH_METADATA_THREAD_ID_PREFIX));
            thread_id = db->get_metadata (*t);

            /* Create ghost message */
            message = _notmuch_message_create_for_message_id (
                notmuch, message_id.c_str (), &private_status);
            if (private_status == NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
                /* Document already exists; ignore the stored thread ID */
            } else if (private_status ==
                       NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_NO_DOCUMENT_FOUND) {
                private_status = _notmuch_message_initialize_ghost (
                    message, thread_id.c_str ());
                if (! private_status)
                    _notmuch_message_sync (message);
            }

            if (private_status) {
                _notmuch_database_log (notmuch,
                         "Upgrade failed while creating ghost messages.\n");
                status = COERCE_STATUS (private_status, "Unexpected status from _notmuch_message_initialize_ghost");
                goto DONE;
            }

            /* Clear saved metadata thread ID */
            db->set_metadata (*t, "");

            ++count;
        }
    }

    status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    db->set_metadata ("features", _print_features (local, notmuch->features));
    db->set_metadata ("version", STRINGIFY (NOTMUCH_DATABASE_VERSION));

 DONE:
    if (status == NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        db->commit_transaction ();
    else
        db->cancel_transaction ();

    if (timer_is_active) {
        /* Now stop the timer. */
        timerval.it_interval.tv_sec = 0;
        timerval.it_interval.tv_usec = 0;
        timerval.it_value.tv_sec = 0;
        timerval.it_value.tv_usec = 0;
        setitimer (ITIMER_REAL, &timerval, NULL);

        /* And disable the signal handler. */
        action.sa_handler = SIG_IGN;
        sigaction (SIGALRM, &action, NULL);
    }

    talloc_free (local);
    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_begin_atomic (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    if (notmuch->mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_ONLY ||
        notmuch->atomic_nesting > 0)
        goto DONE;

    try {
        (static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db))->begin_transaction (false);
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "A Xapian exception occurred beginning transaction: %s.\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        notmuch->exception_reported = TRUE;
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
    }

DONE:
    notmuch->atomic_nesting++;
    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_end_atomic (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    Xapian::WritableDatabase *db;

    if (notmuch->atomic_nesting == 0)
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_UNBALANCED_ATOMIC;

    if (notmuch->mode == NOTMUCH_DATABASE_MODE_READ_ONLY ||
        notmuch->atomic_nesting > 1)
        goto DONE;

    db = static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db);
    try {
        db->commit_transaction ();

        /* This is a hack for testing.  Xapian never flushes on a
         * non-flushed commit, even if the flush threshold is 1.
         * However, we rely on flushing to test atomicity. */
        const char *thresh = getenv ("XAPIAN_FLUSH_THRESHOLD");
        if (thresh && atoi (thresh) == 1)
            db->flush ();
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "A Xapian exception occurred committing transaction: %s.\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        notmuch->exception_reported = TRUE;
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
    }

    if (notmuch->atomic_dirty) {
        ++notmuch->revision;
        notmuch->atomic_dirty = FALSE;
    }

DONE:
    notmuch->atomic_nesting--;
    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

unsigned long
notmuch_database_get_revision (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                const char **uuid)
{
    if (uuid)
        *uuid = notmuch->uuid;
    return notmuch->revision;
}

/* We allow the user to use arbitrarily long paths for directories. But
 * we have a term-length limit. So if we exceed that, we'll use the
 * SHA-1 of the path for the database term.
 *
 * Note: This function may return the original value of 'path'. If it
 * does not, then the caller is responsible to free() the returned
 * value.
 */
const char *
_notmuch_database_get_directory_db_path (const char *path)
{
    int term_len = strlen (_find_prefix ("directory")) + strlen (path);

    if (term_len > NOTMUCH_TERM_MAX)
        return _notmuch_sha1_of_string (path);
    else
        return path;
}

/* Given a path, split it into two parts: the directory part is all
 * components except for the last, and the basename is that last
 * component. Getting the return-value for either part is optional
 * (the caller can pass NULL).
 *
 * The original 'path' can represent either a regular file or a
 * directory---the splitting will be carried out in the same way in
 * either case. Trailing slashes on 'path' will be ignored, and any
 * cases of multiple '/' characters appearing in series will be
 * treated as a single '/'.
 *
 * Allocation (if any) will have 'ctx' as the talloc owner. But
 * pointers will be returned within the original path string whenever
 * possible.
 *
 * Note: If 'path' is non-empty and contains no non-trailing slash,
 * (that is, consists of a filename with no parent directory), then
 * the directory returned will be an empty string. However, if 'path'
 * is an empty string, then both directory and basename will be
 * returned as NULL.
 */
notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_split_path (void *ctx,
                              const char *path,
                              const char **directory,
                              const char **basename)
{
    const char *slash;

    if (path == NULL || *path == '\0') {
        if (directory)
            *directory = NULL;
        if (basename)
            *basename = NULL;
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    /* Find the last slash (not counting a trailing slash), if any. */

    slash = path + strlen (path) - 1;

    /* First, skip trailing slashes. */
    while (slash != path) {
        if (*slash != '/')
            break;

        --slash;
    }

    /* Then, find a slash. */
    while (slash != path) {
        if (*slash == '/')
            break;

        if (basename)
            *basename = slash;

        --slash;
    }

    /* Finally, skip multiple slashes. */
    while (slash != path) {
        if (*slash != '/')
            break;

        --slash;
    }

    if (slash == path) {
        if (directory)
            *directory = talloc_strdup (ctx, "");
        if (basename)
            *basename = path;
    } else {
        if (directory)
            *directory = talloc_strndup (ctx, path, slash - path + 1);
    }

    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Find the document ID of the specified directory.
 *
 * If (flags & NOTMUCH_FIND_CREATE), a new directory document will be
 * created if one does not exist for 'path'.  Otherwise, if the
 * directory document does not exist, this sets *directory_id to
 * ((unsigned int)-1) and returns NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS.
 */
notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_find_directory_id (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                     const char *path,
                                     notmuch_find_flags_t flags,
                                     unsigned int *directory_id)
{
    notmuch_directory_t *directory;
    notmuch_status_t status;

    if (path == NULL) {
        *directory_id = 0;
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    directory = _notmuch_directory_create (notmuch, path, flags, &status);
    if (status || !directory) {
        *directory_id = -1;
        return status;
    }

    *directory_id = _notmuch_directory_get_document_id (directory);

    notmuch_directory_destroy (directory);

    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

const char *
_notmuch_database_get_directory_path (void *ctx,
                                      notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                      unsigned int doc_id)
{
    Xapian::Document document;

    document = find_document_for_doc_id (notmuch, doc_id);

    return talloc_strdup (ctx, document.get_data ().c_str ());
}

/* Given a legal 'filename' for the database, (either relative to
 * database path or absolute with initial components identical to
 * database path), return a new string (with 'ctx' as the talloc
 * owner) suitable for use as a direntry term value.
 *
 * If (flags & NOTMUCH_FIND_CREATE), the necessary directory documents
 * will be created in the database as needed.  Otherwise, if the
 * necessary directory documents do not exist, this sets
 * *direntry to NULL and returns NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS.
 */
notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_filename_to_direntry (void *ctx,
                                        notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                        const char *filename,
                                        notmuch_find_flags_t flags,
                                        char **direntry)
{
    const char *relative, *directory, *basename;
    Xapian::docid directory_id;
    notmuch_status_t status;

    relative = _notmuch_database_relative_path (notmuch, filename);

    status = _notmuch_database_split_path (ctx, relative,
                                           &directory, &basename);
    if (status)
        return status;

    status = _notmuch_database_find_directory_id (notmuch, directory, flags,
                                                  &directory_id);
    if (status || directory_id == (unsigned int)-1) {
        *direntry = NULL;
        return status;
    }

    *direntry = talloc_asprintf (ctx, "%u:%s", directory_id, basename);

    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

/* Given a legal 'path' for the database, return the relative path.
 *
 * The return value will be a pointer to the original path contents,
 * and will be either the original string (if 'path' was relative) or
 * a portion of the string (if path was absolute and begins with the
 * database path).
 */
const char *
_notmuch_database_relative_path (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                 const char *path)
{
    const char *db_path, *relative;
    unsigned int db_path_len;

    db_path = notmuch_database_get_path (notmuch);
    db_path_len = strlen (db_path);

    relative = path;

    if (*relative == '/') {
        while (*relative == '/' && *(relative+1) == '/')
            relative++;

        if (strncmp (relative, db_path, db_path_len) == 0)
        {
            relative += db_path_len;
            while (*relative == '/')
                relative++;
        }
    }

    return relative;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_get_directory (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                const char *path,
                                notmuch_directory_t **directory)
{
    notmuch_status_t status;

    if (directory == NULL)
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_NULL_POINTER;
    *directory = NULL;

    try {
        *directory = _notmuch_directory_create (notmuch, path,
                                                NOTMUCH_FIND_LOOKUP, &status);
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "A Xapian exception occurred getting directory: %s.\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        notmuch->exception_reported = TRUE;
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
    }
    return status;
}

/* Allocate a document ID that satisfies the following criteria:
 *
 * 1. The ID does not exist for any document in the Xapian database
 *
 * 2. The ID was not previously returned from this function
 *
 * 3. The ID is the smallest integer satisfying (1) and (2)
 *
 * This function will trigger an internal error if these constraints
 * cannot all be satisfied, (that is, the pool of available document
 * IDs has been exhausted).
 */
unsigned int
_notmuch_database_generate_doc_id (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    assert (notmuch->last_doc_id >= notmuch->xapian_db->get_lastdocid ());

    notmuch->last_doc_id++;

    if (notmuch->last_doc_id == 0)
        INTERNAL_ERROR ("Xapian document IDs are exhausted.\n");

    return notmuch->last_doc_id;
}

static const char *
_notmuch_database_generate_thread_id (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    /* 16 bytes (+ terminator) for hexadecimal representation of
     * a 64-bit integer. */
    static char thread_id[17];
    Xapian::WritableDatabase *db;

    db = static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db);

    notmuch->last_thread_id++;

    sprintf (thread_id, "%016" PRIx64, notmuch->last_thread_id);

    db->set_metadata ("last_thread_id", thread_id);

    return thread_id;
}

static char *
_get_metadata_thread_id_key (void *ctx, const char *message_id)
{
    if (strlen (message_id) > NOTMUCH_MESSAGE_ID_MAX)
        message_id = _notmuch_message_id_compressed (ctx, message_id);

    return talloc_asprintf (ctx, NOTMUCH_METADATA_THREAD_ID_PREFIX "%s",
                            message_id);
}

static notmuch_status_t
_resolve_message_id_to_thread_id_old (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                      void *ctx,
                                      const char *message_id,
                                      const char **thread_id_ret);

/* Find the thread ID to which the message with 'message_id' belongs.
 *
 * Note: 'thread_id_ret' must not be NULL!
 * On success '*thread_id_ret' is set to a newly talloced string belonging to
 * 'ctx'.
 *
 * Note: If there is no message in the database with the given
 * 'message_id' then a new thread_id will be allocated for this
 * message ID and stored in the database metadata so that the
 * thread ID can be looked up if the message is added to the database
 * later.
 */
static notmuch_status_t
_resolve_message_id_to_thread_id (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                  void *ctx,
                                  const char *message_id,
                                  const char **thread_id_ret)
{
    notmuch_private_status_t status;
    notmuch_message_t *message;

    if (! (notmuch->features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS))
        return _resolve_message_id_to_thread_id_old (notmuch, ctx, message_id,
                                                     thread_id_ret);

    /* Look for this message (regular or ghost) */
    message = _notmuch_message_create_for_message_id (
        notmuch, message_id, &status);
    if (status == NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_SUCCESS) {
        /* Message exists */
        *thread_id_ret = talloc_steal (
            ctx, notmuch_message_get_thread_id (message));
    } else if (status == NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_NO_DOCUMENT_FOUND) {
        /* Message did not exist.  Give it a fresh thread ID and
         * populate this message as a ghost message. */
        *thread_id_ret = talloc_strdup (
            ctx, _notmuch_database_generate_thread_id (notmuch));
        if (! *thread_id_ret) {
            status = NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        } else {
            status = _notmuch_message_initialize_ghost (message, *thread_id_ret);
            if (status == 0)
                /* Commit the new ghost message */
                _notmuch_message_sync (message);
        }
    } else {
        /* Create failed. Fall through. */
    }

    notmuch_message_destroy (message);

    return COERCE_STATUS (status, "Error creating ghost message");
}

/* Pre-ghost messages _resolve_message_id_to_thread_id */
static notmuch_status_t
_resolve_message_id_to_thread_id_old (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                      void *ctx,
                                      const char *message_id,
                                      const char **thread_id_ret)
{
    notmuch_status_t status;
    notmuch_message_t *message;
    string thread_id_string;
    char *metadata_key;
    Xapian::WritableDatabase *db;

    status = notmuch_database_find_message (notmuch, message_id, &message);

    if (status)
        return status;

    if (message) {
        *thread_id_ret = talloc_steal (ctx,
                                       notmuch_message_get_thread_id (message));

        notmuch_message_destroy (message);

        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    }

    /* Message has not been seen yet.
     *
     * We may have seen a reference to it already, in which case, we
     * can return the thread ID stored in the metadata. Otherwise, we
     * generate a new thread ID and store it there.
     */
    db = static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db);
    metadata_key = _get_metadata_thread_id_key (ctx, message_id);
    thread_id_string = notmuch->xapian_db->get_metadata (metadata_key);

    if (thread_id_string.empty()) {
        *thread_id_ret = talloc_strdup (ctx,
                                        _notmuch_database_generate_thread_id (notmuch));
        db->set_metadata (metadata_key, *thread_id_ret);
    } else {
        *thread_id_ret = talloc_strdup (ctx, thread_id_string.c_str());
    }

    talloc_free (metadata_key);

    return NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
}

static notmuch_status_t
_merge_threads (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                const char *winner_thread_id,
                const char *loser_thread_id)
{
    Xapian::PostingIterator loser, loser_end;
    notmuch_message_t *message = NULL;
    notmuch_private_status_t private_status;
    notmuch_status_t ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    find_doc_ids (notmuch, "thread", loser_thread_id, &loser, &loser_end);

    for ( ; loser != loser_end; loser++) {
        message = _notmuch_message_create (notmuch, notmuch,
                                           *loser, &private_status);
        if (message == NULL) {
            ret = COERCE_STATUS (private_status,
                                 "Cannot find document for doc_id from query");
            goto DONE;
        }

        _notmuch_message_remove_term (message, "thread", loser_thread_id);
        _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "thread", winner_thread_id);
        _notmuch_message_sync (message);

        notmuch_message_destroy (message);
        message = NULL;
    }

  DONE:
    if (message)
        notmuch_message_destroy (message);

    return ret;
}

static void
_my_talloc_free_for_g_hash (void *ptr)
{
    talloc_free (ptr);
}

static notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_link_message_to_parents (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                           notmuch_message_t *message,
                                           notmuch_message_file_t *message_file,
                                           const char **thread_id)
{
    GHashTable *parents = NULL;
    const char *refs, *in_reply_to, *in_reply_to_message_id;
    const char *last_ref_message_id, *this_message_id;
    GList *l, *keys = NULL;
    notmuch_status_t ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;

    parents = g_hash_table_new_full (g_str_hash, g_str_equal,
                                     _my_talloc_free_for_g_hash, NULL);
    this_message_id = notmuch_message_get_message_id (message);

    refs = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "references");
    last_ref_message_id = parse_references (message,
                                            this_message_id,
                                            parents, refs);

    in_reply_to = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "in-reply-to");
    in_reply_to_message_id = parse_references (message,
                                               this_message_id,
                                               parents, in_reply_to);

    /* For the parent of this message, use the last message ID of the
     * References header, if available.  If not, fall back to the
     * first message ID in the In-Reply-To header. */
    if (last_ref_message_id) {
        _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "replyto",
                                   last_ref_message_id);
    } else if (in_reply_to_message_id) {
        _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "replyto",
                             in_reply_to_message_id);
    }

    keys = g_hash_table_get_keys (parents);
    for (l = keys; l; l = l->next) {
        char *parent_message_id;
        const char *parent_thread_id = NULL;

        parent_message_id = (char *) l->data;

        _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "reference",
                                   parent_message_id);

        ret = _resolve_message_id_to_thread_id (notmuch,
                                                message,
                                                parent_message_id,
                                                &parent_thread_id);
        if (ret)
            goto DONE;

        if (*thread_id == NULL) {
            *thread_id = talloc_strdup (message, parent_thread_id);
            _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "thread", *thread_id);
        } else if (strcmp (*thread_id, parent_thread_id)) {
            ret = _merge_threads (notmuch, *thread_id, parent_thread_id);
            if (ret)
                goto DONE;
        }
    }

  DONE:
    if (keys)
        g_list_free (keys);
    if (parents)
        g_hash_table_unref (parents);

    return ret;
}

static notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_link_message_to_children (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                            notmuch_message_t *message,
                                            const char **thread_id)
{
    const char *message_id = notmuch_message_get_message_id (message);
    Xapian::PostingIterator child, children_end;
    notmuch_message_t *child_message = NULL;
    const char *child_thread_id;
    notmuch_status_t ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS;
    notmuch_private_status_t private_status;

    find_doc_ids (notmuch, "reference", message_id, &child, &children_end);

    for ( ; child != children_end; child++) {

        child_message = _notmuch_message_create (message, notmuch,
                                                 *child, &private_status);
        if (child_message == NULL) {
            ret = COERCE_STATUS (private_status,
                                 "Cannot find document for doc_id from query");
            goto DONE;
        }

        child_thread_id = notmuch_message_get_thread_id (child_message);
        if (*thread_id == NULL) {
            *thread_id = talloc_strdup (message, child_thread_id);
            _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "thread", *thread_id);
        } else if (strcmp (*thread_id, child_thread_id)) {
            _notmuch_message_remove_term (child_message, "reference",
                                          message_id);
            _notmuch_message_sync (child_message);
            ret = _merge_threads (notmuch, *thread_id, child_thread_id);
            if (ret)
                goto DONE;
        }

        notmuch_message_destroy (child_message);
        child_message = NULL;
    }

  DONE:
    if (child_message)
        notmuch_message_destroy (child_message);

    return ret;
}

/* Fetch and clear the stored thread_id for message, or NULL if none. */
static char *
_consume_metadata_thread_id (void *ctx, notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                             notmuch_message_t *message)
{
    const char *message_id;
    string stored_id;
    char *metadata_key;

    message_id = notmuch_message_get_message_id (message);
    metadata_key = _get_metadata_thread_id_key (ctx, message_id);

    /* Check if we have already seen related messages to this one.
     * If we have then use the thread_id that we stored at that time.
     */
    stored_id = notmuch->xapian_db->get_metadata (metadata_key);
    if (stored_id.empty ()) {
        return NULL;
    } else {
        Xapian::WritableDatabase *db;

        db = static_cast <Xapian::WritableDatabase *> (notmuch->xapian_db);

        /* Clear the metadata for this message ID. We don't need it
         * anymore. */
        db->set_metadata (metadata_key, "");

        return talloc_strdup (ctx, stored_id.c_str ());
    }
}

/* Given a blank or ghost 'message' and its corresponding
 * 'message_file' link it to existing threads in the database.
 *
 * First, if is_ghost, this retrieves the thread ID already stored in
 * the message (which will be the case if a message was previously
 * added that referenced this one).  If the message is blank
 * (!is_ghost), it doesn't have a thread ID yet (we'll generate one
 * later in this function).  If the database does not support ghost
 * messages, this checks for a thread ID stored in database metadata
 * for this message ID.
 *
 * Second, we look at 'message_file' and its link-relevant headers
 * (References and In-Reply-To) for message IDs.
 *
 * Finally, we look in the database for existing message that
 * reference 'message'.
 *
 * In all cases, we assign to the current message the first thread ID
 * found. We will also merge any existing, distinct threads where this
 * message belongs to both, (which is not uncommon when messages are
 * processed out of order).
 *
 * Finally, if no thread ID has been found through referenced messages, we
 * call _notmuch_message_generate_thread_id to generate a new thread
 * ID. This should only happen for new, top-level messages, (no
 * References or In-Reply-To header in this message, and no previously
 * added message refers to this message).
 */
static notmuch_status_t
_notmuch_database_link_message (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                notmuch_message_t *message,
                                notmuch_message_file_t *message_file,
                                notmuch_bool_t is_ghost)
{
    void *local = talloc_new (NULL);
    notmuch_status_t status;
    const char *thread_id = NULL;

    /* Check if the message already had a thread ID */
    if (notmuch->features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS) {
        if (is_ghost)
            thread_id = notmuch_message_get_thread_id (message);
    } else {
        thread_id = _consume_metadata_thread_id (local, notmuch, message);
        if (thread_id)
            _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "thread", thread_id);
    }

    status = _notmuch_database_link_message_to_parents (notmuch, message,
                                                        message_file,
                                                        &thread_id);
    if (status)
        goto DONE;

    if (! (notmuch->features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_GHOSTS)) {
        /* In general, it shouldn't be necessary to link children,
         * since the earlier indexing of those children will have
         * stored a thread ID for the missing parent.  However, prior
         * to ghost messages, these stored thread IDs were NOT
         * rewritten during thread merging (and there was no
         * performant way to do so), so if indexed children were
         * pulled into a different thread ID by a merge, it was
         * necessary to pull them *back* into the stored thread ID of
         * the parent.  With ghost messages, we just rewrite the
         * stored thread IDs during merging, so this workaround isn't
         * necessary. */
        status = _notmuch_database_link_message_to_children (notmuch, message,
                                                             &thread_id);
        if (status)
            goto DONE;
    }

    /* If not part of any existing thread, generate a new thread ID. */
    if (thread_id == NULL) {
        thread_id = _notmuch_database_generate_thread_id (notmuch);

        _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "thread", thread_id);
    }

 DONE:
    talloc_free (local);

    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_add_message (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                              const char *filename,
                              notmuch_message_t **message_ret)
{
    notmuch_message_file_t *message_file;
    notmuch_message_t *message = NULL;
    notmuch_status_t ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS, ret2;
    notmuch_private_status_t private_status;
    notmuch_bool_t is_ghost = false;

    const char *date, *header;
    const char *from, *to, *subject;
    char *message_id = NULL;

    if (message_ret)
        *message_ret = NULL;

    ret = _notmuch_database_ensure_writable (notmuch);
    if (ret)
        return ret;

    message_file = _notmuch_message_file_open (notmuch, filename);
    if (message_file == NULL)
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;

    /* Adding a message may change many documents.  Do this all
     * atomically. */
    ret = notmuch_database_begin_atomic (notmuch);
    if (ret)
        goto DONE;

    /* Parse message up front to get better error status. */
    ret = _notmuch_message_file_parse (message_file);
    if (ret)
        goto DONE;

    try {
        /* Before we do any real work, (especially before doing a
         * potential SHA-1 computation on the entire file's contents),
         * let's make sure that what we're looking at looks like an
         * actual email message.
         */
        from = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "from");
        subject = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "subject");
        to = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "to");

        if ((from == NULL || *from == '\0') &&
            (subject == NULL || *subject == '\0') &&
            (to == NULL || *to == '\0'))
        {
            ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_NOT_EMAIL;
            goto DONE;
        }

        /* Now that we're sure it's mail, the first order of business
         * is to find a message ID (or else create one ourselves). */

        header = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "message-id");
        if (header && *header != '\0') {
            message_id = _parse_message_id (message_file, header, NULL);

            /* So the header value isn't RFC-compliant, but it's
             * better than no message-id at all. */
            if (message_id == NULL)
                message_id = talloc_strdup (message_file, header);
        }

        if (message_id == NULL ) {
            /* No message-id at all, let's generate one by taking a
             * hash over the file's contents. */
            char *sha1 = _notmuch_sha1_of_file (filename);

            /* If that failed too, something is really wrong. Give up. */
            if (sha1 == NULL) {
                ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_FILE_ERROR;
                goto DONE;
            }

            message_id = talloc_asprintf (message_file,
                                          "notmuch-sha1-%s", sha1);
            free (sha1);
        }

        /* Now that we have a message ID, we get a message object,
         * (which may or may not reference an existing document in the
         * database). */

        message = _notmuch_message_create_for_message_id (notmuch,
                                                          message_id,
                                                          &private_status);

        talloc_free (message_id);

        if (message == NULL) {
            ret = COERCE_STATUS (private_status,
                                 "Unexpected status value from _notmuch_message_create_for_message_id");
            goto DONE;
        }

        _notmuch_message_add_filename (message, filename);

        /* Is this a newly created message object or a ghost
         * message?  We have to be slightly careful: if this is a
         * blank message, it's not safe to call
         * notmuch_message_get_flag yet. */
        if (private_status == NOTMUCH_PRIVATE_STATUS_NO_DOCUMENT_FOUND ||
            (is_ghost = notmuch_message_get_flag (
                message, NOTMUCH_MESSAGE_FLAG_GHOST))) {
            _notmuch_message_add_term (message, "type", "mail");
            if (is_ghost)
                /* Convert ghost message to a regular message */
                _notmuch_message_remove_term (message, "type", "ghost");

            ret = _notmuch_database_link_message (notmuch, message,
                                                  message_file, is_ghost);
            if (ret)
                goto DONE;

            date = _notmuch_message_file_get_header (message_file, "date");
            _notmuch_message_set_header_values (message, date, from, subject);

            ret = _notmuch_message_index_file (message, message_file);
            if (ret)
                goto DONE;
        } else {
            ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_DUPLICATE_MESSAGE_ID;
        }

        _notmuch_message_sync (message);
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "A Xapian exception occurred adding message: %s.\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        notmuch->exception_reported = TRUE;
        ret = NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
        goto DONE;
    }

  DONE:
    if (message) {
        if ((ret == NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
             ret == NOTMUCH_STATUS_DUPLICATE_MESSAGE_ID) && message_ret)
            *message_ret = message;
        else
            notmuch_message_destroy (message);
    }

    if (message_file)
        _notmuch_message_file_close (message_file);

    ret2 = notmuch_database_end_atomic (notmuch);
    if ((ret == NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS ||
         ret == NOTMUCH_STATUS_DUPLICATE_MESSAGE_ID) &&
        ret2 != NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS)
        ret = ret2;

    return ret;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_remove_message (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                 const char *filename)
{
    notmuch_status_t status;
    notmuch_message_t *message;

    status = notmuch_database_find_message_by_filename (notmuch, filename,
                                                        &message);

    if (status == NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS && message) {
            status = _notmuch_message_remove_filename (message, filename);
            if (status == NOTMUCH_STATUS_SUCCESS)
                _notmuch_message_delete (message);
            else if (status == NOTMUCH_STATUS_DUPLICATE_MESSAGE_ID)
                _notmuch_message_sync (message);

            notmuch_message_destroy (message);
    }

    return status;
}

notmuch_status_t
notmuch_database_find_message_by_filename (notmuch_database_t *notmuch,
                                           const char *filename,
                                           notmuch_message_t **message_ret)
{
    void *local;
    const char *prefix = _find_prefix ("file-direntry");
    char *direntry, *term;
    Xapian::PostingIterator i, end;
    notmuch_status_t status;

    if (message_ret == NULL)
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_NULL_POINTER;

    if (! (notmuch->features & NOTMUCH_FEATURE_FILE_TERMS))
        return NOTMUCH_STATUS_UPGRADE_REQUIRED;

    /* return NULL on any failure */
    *message_ret = NULL;

    local = talloc_new (notmuch);

    try {
        status = _notmuch_database_filename_to_direntry (
            local, notmuch, filename, NOTMUCH_FIND_LOOKUP, &direntry);
        if (status || !direntry)
            goto DONE;

        term = talloc_asprintf (local, "%s%s", prefix, direntry);

        find_doc_ids_for_term (notmuch, term, &i, &end);

        if (i != end) {
            notmuch_private_status_t private_status;

            *message_ret = _notmuch_message_create (notmuch, notmuch, *i,
                                                    &private_status);
            if (*message_ret == NULL)
                status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        }
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (notmuch, "Error: A Xapian exception occurred finding message by filename: %s\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        notmuch->exception_reported = TRUE;
        status = NOTMUCH_STATUS_XAPIAN_EXCEPTION;
    }

  DONE:
    talloc_free (local);

    if (status && *message_ret) {
        notmuch_message_destroy (*message_ret);
        *message_ret = NULL;
    }
    return status;
}

notmuch_string_list_t *
_notmuch_database_get_terms_with_prefix (void *ctx, Xapian::TermIterator &i,
                                         Xapian::TermIterator &end,
                                         const char *prefix)
{
    int prefix_len = strlen (prefix);
    notmuch_string_list_t *list;

    list = _notmuch_string_list_create (ctx);
    if (unlikely (list == NULL))
        return NULL;

    for (i.skip_to (prefix); i != end; i++) {
        /* Terminate loop at first term without desired prefix. */
        if (strncmp ((*i).c_str (), prefix, prefix_len))
            break;

        _notmuch_string_list_append (list, (*i).c_str () + prefix_len);
    }

    return list;
}

notmuch_tags_t *
notmuch_database_get_all_tags (notmuch_database_t *db)
{
    Xapian::TermIterator i, end;
    notmuch_string_list_t *tags;

    try {
        i = db->xapian_db->allterms_begin();
        end = db->xapian_db->allterms_end();
        tags = _notmuch_database_get_terms_with_prefix (db, i, end,
                                                        _find_prefix ("tag"));
        _notmuch_string_list_sort (tags);
        return _notmuch_tags_create (db, tags);
    } catch (const Xapian::Error &error) {
        _notmuch_database_log (db, "A Xapian exception occurred getting tags: %s.\n",
                 error.get_msg().c_str());
        db->exception_reported = TRUE;
        return NULL;
    }
}

const char *
notmuch_database_status_string (notmuch_database_t *notmuch)
{
    return notmuch->status_string;
}