test.crt: self signed certificated % gpgsm --gen-key # needs gpgsm 2.1 key+cert.pem: cert + unencryped private % gpsm --import test.crt % gpgsm --export-private-key-p12 -out foo.p12 (no passphrase) % openssl pkcs12 -in ns.p12 -clcerts -nodes > key+cert.pem