sha1: Add new notmuch_sha1_of_string function

We'll be using this for storing really long terms in the database
and when we just need to look them up, (and never read back the
original data directly from the database). For example, storing
arbitrarily long directory paths in the database along with
mtime timestamps.

Note that if we did want to store arbitrarily long terms and also
be able to read them back, the Xapian folks recommending splitting
the term off with multiple prefixes. See the note near the end
of this page:

http://trac.xapian.org/wiki/FAQ/UniqueIds